Year 2 — Term 1
18 study notes · 180 practice questions · Aligned with NIE syllabus
Counted in the Idasara Academy app, which you open with a free account. The free notes, revision, practice and library pages for each lesson are linked below.
Lessons in This Term
Nervous coordination overview
Need for Coordination in Animals: Coordination refers to the integration and regulation of various physiological processes and activities in an organism to maintain homeostasis and respond appropriately to internal and external stimuli.
Human nervous system structure
Organization of the Human Nervous System: The human nervous system is organized into two main divisions: the Central Nervous System (CNS) comprising the brain and spinal cord, and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consisting of nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body.
Nerve impulse generation and transmission
Resting Potential and Action Potential: Resting potential is the electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane of a neuron when it is not conducting an impulse, typically around -70mV.
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Nervous System Disorders: Abnormal conditions affecting the structure or function of the nervous system that impair normal neurological functioning.
Sensory structures
Sensory Receptors: Specialized cells or nerve endings that detect specific types of stimuli from the internal or external environment and convert them into nerve impulses.
Eye and ear structure and function
Structure-Function Relationship in Sensory Organs: The principle that the physical arrangement and components of sensory organs are specifically adapted to perform their specialized functions efficiently.
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Types of Immunity: Immunity refers to the body's ability to resist and fight against infections and diseases caused by pathogens like bacteria, viruses, and other harmful microorganisms.
Endocrine system
Endocrine Glands and Hormones: Endocrine glands are ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, while hormones are chemical messengers that regulate physiological processes in target cells or organs.
Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment within a narrow range despite changes in the external environment.
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Asexual Reproduction: A type of reproduction that involves a single parent and produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent, without the fusion of gametes.
Male reproductive system
Gross Anatomy of Male Reproductive System: The male reproductive system consists of primary reproductive organs (testes) and accessory structures (epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, Cowper's glands, and penis) that work together to produce, store, and deliver sperm.
Female reproductive system
Female Reproductive System Anatomy: The female reproductive system consists of internal and external organs that work together to produce ova (eggs), facilitate fertilization, support pregnancy, and enable childbirth.
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Fertilization and Early Development: Fertilization is the process where a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell (ovum) to form a zygote, initiating embryonic development.
Reproductive health
Reproductive Health Awareness: Reproductive health refers to the complete physical, mental, and social well-being in all matters relating to the reproductive system and its functions and processes.
Skeletal systems and movement
Types of Animal Skeletons: The three main types of skeletal systems found in animals: hydrostatic skeleton, exoskeleton, and endoskeleton, which provide structural support, protection, and enable movement.
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Organization of Human Skeleton: The human skeleton is divided into two main parts: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton, which work together to provide support, protection, and movement.
Appendicular skeleton
Organization of Appendicular Skeleton: The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs and the girdles (shoulder and pelvic) that connect them to the axial skeleton.
Joints and muscle movement
Types of Joints and Their Functions: Joints are points where two or more bones meet, allowing movement and providing mechanical support to the skeletal system.