Science Revision
Revision for every O/L Science topic · Aligned with the NIE syllabus
19 topics, in the order the syllabus teaches them · Grade 10 · Grade 11
All Topics
Grade 10
Matter, Elements and Compounds
Atom = nucleus (protons + neutrons) + electron cloud
Acids, Bases and the pH Scale
Acids: pH < 7; release H⁺ ions; sour taste; turn litmus red
Plant and Animal Cells
All living things made of cells (cell theory)
Photosynthesis
Equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
Digestive, Circulatory, Respiratory and Nervous Systems
Digestive: mouth → oesophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine → rectum
Motion, Force and Newton's Laws
Speed = distance ÷ time; Velocity = displacement ÷ time (vector)
Forms and Transformations of Energy
Energy forms: kinetic, potential (gravitational/elastic), thermal, chemical, electrical, nuclear, light, sound
Electricity and Simple Circuits
Current I (Amp) = charge Q / time t; Q = It
Pollution, Climate Change and Conservation
Greenhouse effect: CO₂, CH₄, N₂O, H₂O vapour trap infrared → warm Earth
Grade 11
Chemical Compounds and Equations
Factors that increase reaction rate: higher temperature, higher concentration, smaller particle size, catalyst
Hydrocarbons and Organic Compounds
Hydrocarbons: contain only C and H; alkanes (C-C single bond), alkenes (C=C double bond)
Diodes, Transistors and Simple Circuits
Logic gates process binary signals (0 = low voltage, 1 = high voltage)
Heat, Temperature and Heat Transfer
Conduction: heat transfer through solids by particle vibration/free electrons
Waves, Sound and Light
Wave properties: amplitude, wavelength (λ), frequency (f), period (T), wave speed (v)
Plant Structure and Transport in Plants
Transpiration: water loss via stomata (evaporation); drives water up xylem
Reproduction, Excretion and the Skeletal System
Skeletal system: support, protection, movement, blood cell production, mineral storage
DNA, Genes and Principles of Heredity
DNA: double helix; base pairs A-T, G-C; carries genetic instructions
Ecosystems, Food Chains and Biodiversity
Food web: multiple interconnected food chains; energy flows producer → consumer
Past Papers and Model Answers
O/L Science paper: Paper I (MCQ, 50 marks) + Paper II (structured, 100 marks)
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