Acids, Bases and Salts

Where this fits in the syllabus

Grade 10 · Term 1 · Grade 11 · Term 1

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About O/L Science: O/L Science integrates physics, chemistry, and biology into a single subject across Grade 10 and 11.

• Acids: pH < 7; release H⁺ ions; sour taste; turn litmus red
• Alkalis: pH > 7; release OH⁻ ions; soapy feel; turn litmus blue
• Neutralisation: acid + base → salt + water
• pH scale: 0–14; 7 = neutral; lower = more acidic; higher = more alkaline

Must know

• HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O (key equation)
• Indicators: litmus (red=acid, blue=alkali), universal indicator, phenolphthalein
• Stomach acid: pH ~2 (HCl); baking soda: pH ~8–9
• Strong acids: HCl, H₂SO₄, HNO₃; weak acids: citric, acetic

Source: NIE O/L Science Grade 10 — Unit 5: Acids, Bases and Salts

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