English Revision

Reported speech & Simple present

Simple Present tense describes habitual actions, permanent states, and universal truths (Subject + Base verb / Verb-s).

Imperatives

Directional prepositions specify exact spatial relationships: 'opposite' (facing across), 'adjacent to' (next to), 'past' (beyond), 'along'…

Present continuous passive

Present Continuous Passive voice highlights the recipient of an ongoing action: 'Subject + is/am/are + being + past participle'.

Future perfect & Reported speech

Direct Speech quotes exact spoken words inside inverted commas; Indirect (Reported) Speech relays the content with tense backshift and…

Modal verbs

Modal verbs express obligation, necessity, recommendation, and prohibition: 'must', 'have to', 'should', 'ought to', 'must not', 'need not'.

Present perfect passive & Transfer of information

Transfer of information tasks convert visual quantitative data (bar graphs, pie charts, tables) into coherent analytical prose.

Present perfect continuous & Cohesive devices

Cohesive devices connect ideas logically across sentences: addition (furthermore, in addition, moreover), contrast (however, although,…

Conjunctions of contrast & Countable and uncountable nouns

Nouns divide into countable (discrete items taking plural forms: apples, vitamins, eggs) and uncountable (mass concepts: water, rice,…

Adjective formation & Past passive

Past Passive voice describes historical actions, natural occurrences, and scientific phenomena: Simple Past Passive ('was/were + past…

Semi-modals & Relative clauses

Defining relative clauses provide essential identifying information without commas: uses 'who' (people), 'which' (things/animals), 'that'…

Past perfect passive & Formal letters

Formal business letter structure comprises seven obligatory elements: Sender's address, Date, Recipient's designation & address,…

Reported speech & Present perfect

Present Perfect tense connects past actions to current relevance: 'Subject + have/has + past participle'.

Conditional sentences & Future forms

Three primary future forms serve distinct pragmatic functions: 'will + base verb' (spontaneous decisions, predictions, promises).

Past perfect continuous & Sports collocations

Sports verb collocations follow strict categorical rules: 'play' for team ball sports (football, cricket, volleyball, netball, chess).

Modals of obligation & Conditional Type 0

Conditional Type 0 expresses universal, scientific, and factual truths: 'If + Simple Present, Simple Present' ('If you heat water to 100°C,…

Past continuous & Phrasal verbs

Phrasal verbs combine a base verb with a preposition or adverbial particle, creating idiomatic meanings distinct from the original verb.

Adjective order & Past perfect

Past Perfect tense designates the earlier of two completed past actions: 'Subject + had + past participle'.

Conditional sentences & Third conditional

Conditional Type 3 expresses unchangeable past conditions and hypothetical regrets: 'If + had + past participle, would have + past…

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of frequency indicate routine intervals: always (100%), usually (80%), often (60%), sometimes (50%), seldom/rarely (20%), never…

Past continuous & Question tags

Exclamatory sentence structures convey strong emotion: 'What + (a/an) + (adjective) + noun!' ('What a magnificent performance!') and 'How +…

Comparative and superlative & Perfect passive

Present Perfect Passive describes completed actions whose current results affect the present: 'Subject + has/have + been + past participle'…

Reported speech & Reporting verbs

Reported commands and imperatives: Shift from imperative verb to 'to-infinitive' ('Read the instructions,' said the teacher -> The teacher…

Passive voice & Modals of deduction

Modals of present deduction express certainty and possibility based on evidence: 'must be' (almost 100% certain), 'can't be' (certainly…

Second conditional & Essay structure

Discursive and argumentative essay architecture: Introduction with neutral background and thesis statement; Body Paragraphs presenting…