Science Theory Notes
Theory Notes for every O/L Science topic · Aligned with the NIE syllabus
19 topics, in the order the syllabus teaches them · Grade 10 · Grade 11
Guides
All Topics
Grade 10
Matter, Elements and Compounds
Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.
Acids, Bases and the pH Scale
Acids and bases are two fundamental classes of chemical compounds.
Plant and Animal Cells
Cells are the fundamental structural and functional units of all living organisms.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants (and algae) convert light energy into chemical energy stored as glucose.
Digestive, Circulatory, Respiratory and Nervous Systems
The human body is organised into organ systems that work together to maintain life.
Motion, Force and Newton's Laws
A force is a push or pull that changes (or tends to change) an object's state of motion or shape.
Forms and Transformations of Energy
Energy is the capacity to do work.
Electricity and Simple Circuits
Electricity is the flow of electric charge (electrons) through a conductor.
Pollution, Climate Change and Conservation
The environment encompasses all living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components that interact in a given area.
Grade 11
Chemical Compounds and Equations
A chemical reaction involves the breaking of bonds in reactants and forming of new bonds in products.
Hydrocarbons and Organic Compounds
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-containing compounds.
Diodes, Transistors and Simple Circuits
Electronics deals with the controlled flow of electrons in circuits using semiconductor devices.
Heat, Temperature and Heat Transfer
Heat is a form of energy transferred due to a temperature difference.
Waves, Sound and Light
A wave is a disturbance that transfers energy from one place to another without permanently transferring matter.
Plant Structure and Transport in Plants
Plants are multicellular organisms that produce their own food via photosynthesis.
Reproduction, Excretion and the Skeletal System
The human body is a complex integrated system.
DNA, Genes and Principles of Heredity
Genetics is the study of heredity — how traits are passed from parents to offspring.
Ecosystems, Food Chains and Biodiversity
An ecosystem is a community of living organisms (biotic factors) interacting with each other and with their non-living environment (abiotic…
Past Papers and Model Answers
Effective O/L Science exam revision integrates understanding across all units — not isolated memorisation.
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