Gaseous State of Matter — A/L Chemistry

The gaseous state is governed by kinetic molecular theory, ideal gas laws (Boyle's, Charles's, Avogadro's, Dalton's), and deviations seen in real gases under extreme temperature and pressure.

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1. Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures: Using mole fraction (P_A = x_A × P_total) to determine partial pressures of gas mixtures collected over water (subtracting saturated vapor pressure).
2. Real Gas Deviation: Explaining deviation from ideal behavior at high pressure and low temperature based on intermolecular attractions and finite molecular volume (van der Waals parameters a and b).
3. Graham's Law of Diffusion: Relating diffusion rates to molar masses (Rate₁ / Rate₂ = √(M₂ / M₁)) under identical conditions.