Electrochemistry — A/L Chemistry

Electrochemistry encompasses the interconversion of chemical and electrical energy via redox couples across galvanic cells (spontaneous, positive cell potential) and electrolytic cells (driven by external EMF).

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1. Cell Notation & Standard Potentials: Standard IUPAC cell notation with phase boundaries (|) and salt bridge (||), calculating E°cell = E°cathode - E°anode.
2. Quantitative Deposition: Faraday's law calculations (Q = It = nF) showing step-by-step mole ratios for gas evolution or electrode mass change.
3. Thermodynamic Spontaneity: Explicit condition that standard Gibbs free energy change must be negative (ΔG° = -nFE°cell < 0) for spontaneous discharge.