Nitrogen-Containing Organic Compounds — A/L Chemistry

Nitrogen-containing compounds (amines, amides, diazonium salts) derive their chemical behavior from the nucleophilicity and basicity of the nitrogen lone pair and the synthetic versatility of arenediazonium intermediates.

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1. Basicity Trends: Explaining aqueous phase basicity orders (Secondary aliphatic amine > Primary > Tertiary > Ammonia > Aniline) balancing inductive electron release against steric hindrance and hydration solvation energies.
2. Nitrous Acid Diagnostic Test: Cold reaction (0–5 °C) with HNO2/HCl: immediate N2 gas effervescence with aliphatic 1° amines versus formation of stable arenediazonium chloride with aniline.
3. Azo Coupling: Formation of brightly colored azo dyes via electrophilic coupling of arenediazonium ions with activated aromatic substrates (alkaline β-naphthol or phenol) in controlled pH conditions.