Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Pollution — A/L Chemistry

Industrial chemistry encompasses the large-scale manufacture of essential chemicals (ammonia via Haber-Bosch, sulfuric acid via Contact process, nitric acid via Ostwald process), extraction of metals, and mitigation of industrial environmental pollution.

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1. Optimal Industrial Conditions: Justifying compromised temperature and pressure choices (e.g., Haber process: 450 °C, 200 atm, Fe catalyst) balancing thermodynamic equilibrium yield against kinetic reaction rate.
2. Sri Lankan Chemical Industries: Specific processes in Sri Lanka: salt extraction from seawater (solar salterns), soap and detergent production, and natural rubber vulcanization.
3. Environmental Pollution & Green Chemistry: Chemical mechanisms of acid rain (SO₂, NO_x), photochemical smog, ozone depletion (CFCs), and applying green chemistry principles to reduce toxic effluents.