Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry — A/L Chemistry

Organic chemistry is grounded in carbon atom hybridization (sp³, sp², sp), spatial geometry, IUPAC functional group precedence, and electronic displacements (inductive, resonance, and hyperconjugation effects).

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1. IUPAC Precedence & Numbering: Correct hierarchy of principal functional groups determining suffix priority and lowest locant numbering for substituents.
2. Stereoisomerism Criteria: Distinct identification of geometric isomerism (restricted rotation about C=C with non-identical groups on each carbon) versus optical isomerism (non-superimposable mirror images with at least one chiral center).
3. Intermediate Stability: Clear justification of carbocation and radical stability hierarchies based on hyperconjugation and positive inductive (+I) alkyl effects.