Chemistry Revision
Revision for every A/L Chemistry topic · Aligned with the NIE syllabus
14 topics, in the order the syllabus teaches them · Year 1 · Year 2
All Topics
Year 1
Atomic Structure
Atoms consist of a dense positive nucleus (protons + neutrons) surrounded by quantized electrons in orbitals (s, p, d, f).
Structure and Bonding
Primary bonding types: Ionic (electrostatic attraction between ions), Covalent (shared electron pairs), and Metallic (positive cations in a…
Chemical Calculations
The mole connects microscopic particles to macroscopic mass: n = m / M, where 1 mole contains 6.022 × 10²³ entities (Avogadro constant L).
Gaseous State of Matter
The kinetic molecular theory explains gas behavior: particles are in constant random motion, have negligible volume compared to container…
Energetics
Enthalpy change (ΔH) represents heat exchanged at constant pressure: exothermic (ΔH < 0, heat released, products energetically more stable)…
Chemistry of s, p, and d Block Elements
s-block elements (Group 1 alkali metals, Group 2 alkaline earth metals) are strong reducing agents; thermal stability of Group 2 carbonates…
Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry
Carbon hybridization determines geometry: sp³ (tetrahedral, 109.5°, 4 σ-bonds), sp² (trigonal planar, 120°, 3 σ + 1 π-bond), and sp…
Hydrocarbons and Halohydrocarbons
Alkanes are unreactive non-polar hydrocarbons that undergo free radical substitution with halogens under UV light (initiation, propagation,…
Oxygen-Containing Organic Compounds
Alcohols undergo oxidation: 1° alcohols oxidize to aldehydes then carboxylic acids; 2° oxidize to ketones; 3° resist oxidation under normal…
Nitrogen-Containing Organic Compounds
Amines act as Lewis bases and nucleophiles due to the unshared lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom.
Year 2
Reaction Kinetics
Reaction rate measures the change in concentration of a reactant or product per unit time: Rate = -d[Reactant]/dt = +d[Product]/dt.
Chemical Equilibrium
Dynamic equilibrium occurs in closed systems when the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction and macroscopic…
Electrochemistry
Galvanic cells convert chemical energy into electrical energy spontaneously (ΔG < 0, E°cell > 0); electrolytic cells drive non-spontaneous…
Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Pollution
Haber-Bosch ammonia synthesis: N₂(g) + 3H₂(g) ⇌ 2NH₃(g) (ΔH = -92 kJ mol⁻¹) operates under compromise conditions of 400–450 °C, 200 atm,…
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